I Haina, i huaina ko "qi," te tohu mō te hauora. I Īhipa i huaina ko "ankh," te tohu mō te ora tonu. Ki ngā tāngata o Phoenicia, he rite tonu te tohutoro ki a Aphrodite—te atua wahine o te aroha me te ataahua.
I kōrero ēnei iwi onamata mō te parahi, he rauemi kua mōhiotia e ngā ahurea puta noa i te ao he mea nui ki tō tātou hauora mō ngā tau neke atu i te 5,000. Ina tau te rewharewha, te huakita pēnei i te E. coli, ngā pepeke nui pēnei i te MRSA, tae noa ki ngā coronavirus ki te nuinga o ngā mata mārō, ka taea e rātou te ora mō te whā ki te rima rā. Engari ina tau ki te parahi, me ngā koranu parahi pēnei i te parahi, ka tīmata rātou te mate i roto i ngā meneti, ā, kāore e kitea i roto i ngā haora.
"Kua kite tātou i ngā huaketo e pupuhi noa ana," te kī a Bill Keevil, he ahorangi hauora taiao i Te Whare Wānanga o Southampton. "Ka tau ki runga i te parahi, ā, ka pirau noa iho." Kāore i te miharo kua roa te iwi o Īnia e inu ana i ngā kapu parahi. Ahakoa i konei i te Hononga o Amerika, ka kawea mai e te raina parahi tō wai inu. He rauemi taiao, he rauemi koretake, he rauemi patu huakita te parahi. Ka taea e ia te whakahoromata i tōna mata me te kore e hiahiatia he hiko, he wai māori rānei.
I tino puea ake te parahi i te wā o te Huringa Ahumahi hei rauemi mō ngā taonga, ngā taputapu, me ngā whare. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia tonutia te parahi i roto i ngā whatunga hiko—kei te tipu haere tonu te mākete parahi nā te mea he tino whai hua te rauemi hei kawe hiko. Engari kua panaia te rauemi i roto i ngā tono hanga maha e te ngaru o ngā rauemi hou mai i te rautau 20. Ko ngā kirihou, te karāhe whakamaroke, te konumohe, me te maitai kore waikura ngā rauemi o te ao hou—e whakamahia ana mō ngā mea katoa mai i te hoahoanga ki ngā hua Apple. I ngaro ngā kakau tatau me ngā ringaringa parahi i te mea i whiriwhiria e ngā kaihoahoa me ngā kaihoahoa ngā rauemi ātaahua ake (ā, he iti ake te utu i ētahi wā).
Inaianei kei te whakapono a Keevil kua tae ki te wā ki te whakahoki mai i te parahi ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui, me ngā hōhipera anō hoki. I te aroaro o tētahi heke mai e kore e taea te karo e kī ana i ngā mate urutā o te ao, me whakamahi tātou i te parahi i roto i te hauora, te kawe waka a te iwi, tae noa ki ō tātou kāinga. Ahakoa kua roa rawa ki te aukati i te COVID-19, kāore i te wawe rawa ki te whakaaro mō tō tātou mate urutā e whai ake nei. Ko ngā painga o te parahi, kua inehia
I tika kia kite tātou i tēnei mea e haere mai ana, ā, i kite tonu tētahi.
I te tau 1983, i tuhia e te kairangahau hauora a Phyllis J. Kuhn te arotake tuatahi mō te ngaronga o te parahi i kitea e ia i roto i ngā hōhipera. I roto i tētahi whakangungu mō te akuaku i te pokapū Hauora o Hamot i Pittsburgh, i tirotirohia e ngā ākonga ngā mata maha huri noa i te hōhipera, tae atu ki ngā peihana wharepaku me ngā kakau tatau. I kite ia he ma ngā wharepaku i ngā moroiti, engari ko ētahi o ngā taputapu he tino paru, ā, ka tupu ngā huakita kino ina tukuna kia piki haere ki runga i ngā pereti agar.
"He ātaahua, he kanapa hoki ngā kakau tatau me ngā pereti pana o te rino kore waikura, ā, he ma te āhua i runga i te tatau o te hōhipera. He rerekē, ko ngā kakau tatau me ngā pereti pana o te parahi kua pirau te āhua paru, he poke hoki," tana i tuhituhi i taua wā. "Ahakoa kua pirau, ko te parahi—he koranu he 67% te parahi me te 33% te konutea—[ka patu i ngā huakita], ko te rino kore waikura—tata ki te 88% te rino me te 12% te chromium—he iti noa te mahi hei aukati i te tipu o ngā huakita."
I te mutunga, i whakaoti ia i tana tuhinga me tētahi whakatau māmā noa iho hei whai mā te pūnaha hauora katoa. "Mēnā kei te whakahoutia tō hōhipera, ngana ki te pupuri i ngā taputapu parahi tawhito, ki te whakahou rānei; ki te mea he taputapu maitai kore waikura āu, kia tino horoia i ia rā, inā koa i ngā wāhi tiaki nui."
Tekau tau i muri mai, ā, me te tautoko pūtea mai i te Copper Development Association (he rōpū hokohoko parahi), kua akiakihia e Keevil te rangahau a Kuhn ki tua atu. I tana mahi i roto i tana taiwhanga me ētahi o ngā mate tino wehingia o te ao, kua whakaaturia e ia ehara i te mea ka patu pai te parahi i ngā huakita anake; engari ka patu hoki i ngā huaketo.
I roto i te mahi a Keevil, ka toua e ia tētahi pereti parahi ki roto i te waipiro hei whakahoromata. Kātahi ka toua e ia ki roto i te acetone hei tango i ngā hinu tāpiri. Kātahi ka maturuturuhia e ia tētahi paku mate ki runga i te mata. I roto i ngā wā poto ka maroke. Ka noho te tauira mō ngā meneti torutoru ki ngā rā torutoru. Kātahi ka rūrūtia e ia ki roto i tētahi pouaka kī tonu i ngā pirepire karāhe me tētahi wai. Ka waruhia e ngā pirepire ngā huakita me ngā huaketo ki roto i te wai, ā, ka taea te tango tauira i te wai hei kite i tō rātou aroaro. I ētahi atu wā, kua whakawhanakehia e ia ngā tikanga tirotiro karuārai e taea ai e ia te mātakitaki—me te tuhi—i tētahi mate e whakangaromia ana e te parahi i te wā tonu ka pā ki te mata.
He rite te āhua o te pānga ki te makutu, e ai ki tāna, engari i tēnei wā, ko te āhuatanga e pā ana ko te pūtaiao e mōhiotia whānuitia ana. Ina pā mai he huaketo, he huakita rānei ki te pereti, ka waipuketia ki ngā iona parahi. Ka uru aua iona ki roto i ngā pūtau me ngā huaketo pērā i ngā matā. Kāore te parahi e patu noa i ēnei mate; ka whakangaromia rātou, tae noa ki ngā waikawa karihi, ngā mahere whakaputa uri rānei, i roto.
"Kāore he tūponotanga o te whakarerekētanga ira [te whanaketanga rānei] nā te mea kei te whakangaromia ngā ira katoa," te kī a Keevil. "Koinei tētahi o ngā painga tūturu o te parahi." Arā, ko te whakamahi i te parahi kāore e puta mai me te mōrearea o te, hei tauira, te nui rawa o te whakahaunga i ngā rongoā paturopi. He whakaaro pai noa iho.
I roto i ngā whakamātautau o te ao tūturu, e whakaatu ana i tōna uara te parahi. I waho atu i te taiwhanga, kua whaihia e ētahi atu kairangahau mēnā he rerekētanga te parahi ina whakamahia i roto i ngā horopaki hauora o te ao tūturu – tae atu ki ngā poroporo tatau o te hōhipera, tae atu ki ngā wāhi pēnei i ngā moenga hōhipera, ngā okiokinga ringa o ngā tūru manuhiri, tae atu ki ngā tūru IV. I te tau 2015, i whakaritea e ngā kairangahau e mahi ana i runga i te tahua a te Tari Tiaki ngā reiti mate i ngā hōhipera e toru, ā, i kitea i te whakamahinga o ngā koranu parahi i roto i ngā hōhipera e toru, i whakaitihia ngā reiti mate mā te 58%. I mahia tētahi rangahau rite i te tau 2016 i roto i tētahi wāhanga tiaki nui o ngā tamariki, i tuhia ai he whakahekenga whakamiharo o te reiti mate.
Engari me pēhea te utu? He nui ake te utu o te parahi i te kirihou, i te konumohe rānei, ā, he maha ngā wā he utu nui ake i te maitai. Engari i te mea kei te utu te pūnaha hauora mō ngā mate urutā e pā ana ki te hōhipera tae atu ki te $45 piriona ia tau—me te kore e whakahua i te mate o te 90,000 tāngata—he iti noa te utu whakapai ake i te parahi ki te whakataurite.
E whakapono ana a Keevil, kāore nei e whiwhi pūtea mai i te umanga parahi, ko te kawenga kei ngā kaihoahoa ki te whiriwhiri i te parahi i roto i ngā kaupapa hanga whare hou. Ko te parahi te mata whakarewa tuatahi (ā, koinei te whakamutunga) i whakaaetia e te EPA mō ngā mate huakita. (I ngana ngā kamupene i roto i te umanga hiriwa ki te kī he mate huakita, ā, i kore i angitu, ā, i hua ake ai he whiu a te EPA.) Neke atu i te 400 ngā koranu parahi kua rēhitahia e ngā rōpū umanga parahi ki te EPA tae noa ki tēnei wā. "Kua whakaaturia e mātou he rite tonu te pai o te parahi-nikara ki te parahi ki te patu i ngā huakita me ngā huaketo," tana kī. Ā, kāore e hiahiatia kia rite te parahi nikara ki te āhua o te tetere tawhito; kāore e taea te wehewehe i te maitai kore waikura.
Mō ngā whare katoa o te ao kāore anō kia whakahoutia hei tango i ngā taputapu parahi tawhito, he tohutohu tā Keevil: "Kaua e tangohia, ahakoa te aha. Koinei ngā mea pai rawa atu kei a koe."
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 25-2021